Spasms are contractions of the muscles of the hands, thumbs, feet, or toes. Spasms are usually brief, but they can be severe and painful.

See also: Muscle cramps

Foot spasms; Carpopedal spasm; Spasms of the hands or feet; Hand spasm

Symptoms depend on the cause. They may include:

• Cramping
• Fatigue
• Muscle weakness
• Numbness, tingling, or a "pins and needles" feeling
• Twitching
• Uncontrolled, purposeless, rapid motions

Nighttime leg cramps are common in the elderly.

Cramps or spasms in the muscles often have no clear cause.

Possible causes of hand or foot spasms include:

• Brain disorders, such asparkinson's disease,multiple sclerosis, dystonia, and Huntington's disease.
• Chronic kidney disease and dialysis
• Damage to a single nerve or nerve group (mononeuropathy) or multiple nerves (polyneuropathy) that are connected to muscles
• Dehydration (not having enough fluids in your body)
• Disorders or injuries that involve peripheral nerves
• Heavy exercise
• Hyperventilation (overbreathing), which is rapid or deep breathing that can occur with anxiety or panic
• Increased levels of phosphate in the body
• Muscle cramps, usually caused by overuse during sports or work activity
• Pregnancy, more often during the third trimester
• Reduced levels of magnesium or calcium in the body
• Thyroid disorders
• Too little vitamin D
• Use of certain medications

If vitamin D deficiency is the cause, supplemental vitamin D should be taken under the doctor's direction. Calcium supplements may also help.

There are stretching exercises you can do. These stretches will help keep your muscles from getting shorter or tighter.

Being active will also help keep your muscles loose. Aerobic exercise, especially swimming, and strength building exercises are both helpful. Playing games and sports and doing daily tasks may also help, but can also make matters worse if done to excess.

Drinking plenty of fluids during exercise is also important.

If you notice recurrent spasms of your hands or feet, call your health care provider.

The doctor or nurse will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical history and symptoms.

Blood and urine tests may be done. Tests may include:

• Calcium and magnesium levels
• Hormone levels
• Kidney function tests
• Vitamin D levels (25-OH vitamin D)

Khoshknabi DS. Muscle spasms. In: Walsh D, Caraceni AT, Fainsinger R, et al, eds. Palliative Medicine. 1st ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2008:chap 168.

Griggs RC, Jazefowicz RF, Aminoff MJ. Approach to the patient with neurologic disease. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 418.